Topic 1
General Elements of Criminal Liability
Actus reus, mens rea, causation, strict liability, transferred malice, coincidence. The foundation every other topic builds on.
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Topic 2 · Fatal
Murder
Common-law definition, actus reus, mens rea (express & implied malice). Includes Vickers, Cunningham [1981], AG's Ref No 3 of 1994.
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Topic 3 · Voluntary MS
Loss of Control
Coroners and Justice Act 2009 ss.54–55. Qualifying triggers, normal-person test, post-Clinton sexual-infidelity ruling. Partial defence to murder.
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Topic 4 · Voluntary MS
Diminished Responsibility
Homicide Act 1957 s.2 (as amended by Coroners and Justice Act 2009). The four-element test plus Golds, Wilcocks, Dietschmann.
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Topic 5 · Involuntary MS
Unlawful Act Manslaughter
Constructive manslaughter — dangerous unlawful act, causation, Church, Mitchell, Kennedy. Mens rea for the act only.
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Topic 6 · Involuntary MS
Gross Negligence Manslaughter
Adomako four-stage test, duty of care, breach, gross breach, causation. Wacker, Misra, Rose.
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Topic 7 · Non-Fatal Offences
Common Assault
Apprehension of immediate unlawful force. Smith v Woking, Ireland, Tuberville v Savage, Constanza. MR: intention/recklessness.
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Topic 8 · Non-Fatal Offences
Battery
Application of unlawful force. Collins v Wilcock, DPP v K, Haystead v DPP, DPP v Santana-Bermudez. Direct, indirect, and omission battery. Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.
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Topic 9 · Non-Fatal Offences
ABH (s.47)
Assault occasioning actual bodily harm under s.47 OAPA 1861. R v Miller [1954], R v Chan-Fook [1994], Savage/Parmenter [1991], R v Roberts, DPP v Smith (Michael) [2006]. ABH meaning, psychiatric injury, constructive intent doctrine. Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.
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Tort: Negligence · Tort Law
Negligence
The complete negligence framework. Donoghue v Stevenson, Caparo v Dickman, Robinson v CC of West Yorkshire, Bolam, Bolitho, The Wagon Mound. Duty of care, breach, causation, remoteness, defences (volenti, contributory negligence). OCR H418 Paper 2 (Tort Law). Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.
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Tort: Occupiers' Liability · Tort Law
Occupiers' Liability
Lawful visitors and trespassers under the Occupiers' Liability Acts 1957 and 1984. Wheat v Lacon, Roles v Nathan, Glasgow Corp v Taylor, Phipps v Rochester Corp, Tomlinson v Congleton BC, Haseldine v Daw. Duty to lawful visitors (OLA 1957 s.2), child visitors, independent contractors, exclusion of liability, duty to trespassers (OLA 1984). OCR H418 Paper 2 (Tort Law). Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.
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Tort: Private Nuisance · Tort Law
Private Nuisance
Unlawful interference with the use or enjoyment of land. Hunter v Canary Wharf [1997], Sturges v Bridgman [1879], Christie v Davey [1893], Robinson v Kilvert [1889], Miller v Jackson [1977], Cambridge Water v Eastern Counties Leather [1994]. Interest in land, locality, duration, malice, abnormal sensitivity, social utility, defences (statutory authority, prescription). OCR H418 Paper 2 (Tort Law). Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.
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Tort: Rylands v Fletcher · Tort Law
Rylands v Fletcher
The strict liability tort. Bringing or accumulating a dangerous thing on land that is likely to cause harm if it escapes. Rylands v Fletcher [1868], Read v Lyons [1947], Hale v Jennings [1938], Cambridge Water v Eastern Counties Leather [1994], Transco v Stockport [2003], Stannard v Gore [2012]. Non-natural use, accumulation, escape, foreseeability of harm, defences (act of God, act of stranger, statutory authority, consent). OCR H418 Paper 2 (Tort Law). Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.
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Tort: Vicarious Liability · Tort Law
Vicarious Liability
Strict liability for the torts of another. When an employer is liable for an employee's wrongful act committed in the course of employment. Lister v Hesley Hall [2001], Mohamud v WM Morrison [2016], Cox v Ministry of Justice [2016], Various Claimants v Catholic Child Welfare Society [2012], Mattis v Pollock [2003], Lloyd v Grace, Smith & Co [1912]. Employer-employee relationship (or akin to employment), course of employment, close connection test, frolic of his own, independent contractors. OCR H418 Paper 2 (Tort Law). Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.
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Tort: Defences and Remedies · Tort Law
Defences and Remedies
The cross-cutting guide to defences and remedies across the entire Tort suite. General defences: contributory negligence (Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945), consent / volenti non fit injuria, illegality / ex turpi causa, necessity, statutory authority, limitation. Remedies: compensatory damages (general and special), aggravated and exemplary damages, injunctions (prohibitory, mandatory, interim, final), abatement, mitigation of loss. Key cases including Froom v Butcher [1976], ICI v Shatwell [1965], Patel v Mirza [2016], Lagden v O'Connor [2003], Sayers v Harlow [1958]. OCR H418 Paper 2 (Tort Law). Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.
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Topic 37: Nature of Law · Tort Law
Nature of Law
What is law? How law differs from morality, justice, and other rule-systems. Theories of law (positivism, natural law, legal realism), the rule of law (Dicey, Lord Bingham, Joseph Raz), and the Hart-Fuller / Hart-Devlin debates. Key cases: Shaw v DPP, R v R, Re A (Children) (Conjoined Twins). OCR H418 Paper 3 / Section A. Full case index, theory comparison tables, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.
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Topic 38: Law and Morality · Tort Law
Law and Morality
How law differs from morality, and how the two interact. The Hart-Devlin debate (Wolfenden Report, common morality), Hart-Fuller debate (positivism vs natural law), and Mill's harm principle. Key issues: assisted suicide, abortion, consent in violence. Cases: R v Brown [1993], Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993], R (Pretty) v DPP [2001], Shaw v DPP [1962]. OCR H418 Paper 3 / Section A. Full case index, theory comparison tables, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.
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Topic 39: Law and Justice · Tort Law
Law and Justice
What is justice? Theories from Aristotle (distributive and corrective justice), Bentham (utilitarianism), Rawls (veil of ignorance, original position), and Nozick (entitlement theory). Substantive vs procedural justice, equity, and miscarriages of justice. Key cases: R v Dudley and Stephens [1884], the Birmingham Six, R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor [2017]. OCR H418 Paper 3 / Section A. Full case index, theory comparison tables, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.
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Topic 40: Law and Society · Tort Law
Law and Society
How law reflects, shapes, and responds to society. Theories of law and society: Pound's social engineering, Marxist conflict theory, Durkheim's functionalism, and legal realism (Holmes, Llewellyn). Social control mechanisms, the role of pressure groups, and law as a tool for social change. Key examples: R v R [1991], R (Nicklinson) v Ministry of Justice, Equality Act 2010, Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013. OCR H418 Paper 3 / Section A. Full case index, theory comparison tables, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.
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